The Bonfire Burns On
“Life invests itself with inevitable
conditions, which the unwise seek to dodge, which one and another brags that he
does not know, that they do not touch him; but the brag is on his lips, the conditions
are in his soul. If he escapes them in one part they attack him in another more
vital part. If he has escaped them in form and in the appearance, it is because
he has resisted his life and fled from himself, and the retribution is so much
death.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Compensation”
Bonfires are fun to watch, but they eventually burn out. Human
folly apparently doesn’t, so we just keep adding to the absurdities. The volume
of daily economic lunacy that lights up my various devices is truly stunning,
and it seems to be increasing. I shared a little of it with you in last week’s
“Bonfire
of the Absurdities.” Since it’s a holiday weekend and I was traveling all
week, today I’ll just give you a few more absurdities to ponder. And this
shorter letter will lighten your weekend reading load.
First, let me thank everyone who took my advice to register early
for my next Strategic Investment Conference, March 6–9, 2018, in San Diego.
Hundreds of you are now confirmed to attend. I know many more intend to do so.
Sadly, we can’t accommodate an unlimited number of you. I can’t say when we
will reach capacity, but I hope it is soon. I am in negotiations right now with
a very familiar
name whose economic views are, shall we say, different from mine. Our idea is
to debate those differences in front of an audience. Fireworks will likely
ensue. But, to get this to happen, I need some numbers to line up. You can help
by registering for the conference now. Click
here for more information.
Now, on with the absurdities.
When I asked my “kitchen cabinet” of friends for instances of the
absurd, Grant Williams sent a monumental slide deck. I guess I should have
expected that, as the absurd is one of his specialties. My computer almost
melted trying to download the deck, but it finally finished and was worth the
wait. Here is just one example of craziness.
This chart is straightforward: It’s outstanding credit as a
percentage of GDP. Broadly speaking, this is a measure of how leveraged the US
economy is. It was in a sedate 130%–170% range as the economy industrialized in
the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It popped higher
in the 1920s and 1930s before settling down again. Then came the 1980s. Credit
jumped above 200% of GDP and has never looked back. It climbed steadily until
2009 and now hovers over 350%.
Absurd doesn’t do this situation justice. We are mind-bogglingly
leveraged. And consider what the chart doesn’t show. Many individuals and
businesses carry no debt at all, or certainly less than 350% leverage. That
means many others must be leveraged far higher.
Now, the usual economic pundits tell us that the situation is safe
and under control and that we all have plenty of cash and cash flow to be able
to handle this load of debt. Worrying about debt is so 1900s, they say. And
they may have a point, in that many of us are able to use debt in responsible
ways. But how about that $1.2 trillion in student debt?
While lending has been a very lucrative business in recent
decades, it’s hard to believe it can last. At some point we must experience a
great deleveraging. When that happens, it won’t be fun.
“Contrarian” investors believe success lies in going against the
crowd, because the crowd is usually wrong. That is often a very good
assumption. My own experience suggests one small adjustment: Pay attention not
to what the crowd says
but to what it does.
Words are cheap.
This next chart is a prime example. We see here the amount of cash
held by Merrill Lynch clients from 2005 to the present, as a percentage of
their assets. The average is about 13%.
Of course, people hold cash for all kinds of reasons that don’t
necessarily reflect their market outlook. Nor does this chart tell us how their
non-cash assets were allocated. The pattern is nevertheless uncanny. In 2007,
as stock indexes reached their peak, cash holdings were well below average.
They rose quickly as the crisis unfolded, peaking almost exactly with the
market low in early 2009.
In other words, at the very time when it would have been best to
reduce cash and buy equities, Merrill Lynch clients did the opposite. And when
they should have been raising cash, they kept their holdings low. I don’t think
this pattern is unique to Merrill Lynch’s clients; I suspect we would see the
same at most retail brokerages. Market timing is hard for everyone.
The disturbing part is where the chart ends. Merrill Lynch client
cash allocations are now even lower than they were at that 2007 trough.
Interest rates are much lower, too, so maybe that’s not surprising. Central
banks spent the last decade all but forcing investors to buy risk assets and
shun cash. This data suggests it worked. But whatever the reason, investor cash
levels suggest that caution is quite unpopular right now. So if you consider
yourself a contrarian, maybe it’s time to raise some cash.
Michael Lewitt’s latest letter came in this morning. He began with
the marvelous Ralph Waldo Emerson quote that I used at the beginning of this
letter, and then he helpfully contributed this list of absurdities:
Anyone questioning whether financial markets are in a bubble should
consider what we witnessed in 2017:
• A painting (which may be fake) sold for $450 million.
• Bitcoin (which may be worthless) soared nearly 700% from $952 to ~$8000.
• The Bank of Japan and the European Central Bank bought $2 trillion of assets.
• Global debt rose above $225 trillion to more than 324% of global GDP.
• US corporations sold a record $1.75 trillion in bonds.
• European high-yield bonds traded at a yield under 2%.
• Argentina, a serial defaulter, sold 100-year bonds in an oversubscribed offer.
• Illinois, hopelessly insolvent, sold 3.75% bonds to bondholders fighting for allocations.
• Global stock market capitalization skyrocketed by $15 trillion to over $85 trillion and a record 113% of global GDP.
• The market cap of the FANGs increased by more than $1 trillion.
• S&P 500 volatility dropped to 50-year lows and Treasury volatility to 30-year lows.
• Money-losing Tesla Inc. sold 5% bonds with no covenants as it burned $4+ billion in cash and produced very few cars.
• Bitcoin (which may be worthless) soared nearly 700% from $952 to ~$8000.
• The Bank of Japan and the European Central Bank bought $2 trillion of assets.
• Global debt rose above $225 trillion to more than 324% of global GDP.
• US corporations sold a record $1.75 trillion in bonds.
• European high-yield bonds traded at a yield under 2%.
• Argentina, a serial defaulter, sold 100-year bonds in an oversubscribed offer.
• Illinois, hopelessly insolvent, sold 3.75% bonds to bondholders fighting for allocations.
• Global stock market capitalization skyrocketed by $15 trillion to over $85 trillion and a record 113% of global GDP.
• The market cap of the FANGs increased by more than $1 trillion.
• S&P 500 volatility dropped to 50-year lows and Treasury volatility to 30-year lows.
• Money-losing Tesla Inc. sold 5% bonds with no covenants as it burned $4+ billion in cash and produced very few cars.
This is a joyless bubble, however. It is accompanied by political
divisiveness and social turmoil as the mainstream media hectors the populace
with fake news. Immoral behavior that was tolerated for years is finally called
to account while a few brave journalists fight against establishment forces to
reveal deep corruption at the core of our government (yes, I am speaking of
Uranium One and the Obama Justice Department). In 2018, a lot of chickens are
going to come home to roost in Washington, D.C., on Wall Street, and in the media
centers of New York City and Los Angeles. Icons will be blasted into dust as
the tides of cheap money, cronyism, complicity, and stupidity recede. Beware
entities with too much debt, too much secrecy, too much hype. Beware false
idols. Every bubble destroys its idols, and so shall this one.
Liquidity Lost
The next absurdity is absurd because it is so obvious, yet many
don’t want to see it. Too bad, because I’m going to make you look. This comes
from Michael Lebowitz of 720 Global. It’s the S&P 500 Index overlaid with
the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet and the forecast of where the Federal
Reserve intends to take its balance sheet.
As I noted above, the Fed and other central banks have practically
forced investors into risk assets since 2008. You can see the relationship very
clearly in this chart. The green segments of the S&P 500’s rise occurred
during quantitative easing programs. Correlation isn’t causation, but I think
we can safely draw some connections here.
Ample low-cost liquidity drives asset prices higher. That’s not
controversial. It makes perfect sense that the withdrawal of ample low-cost liquidity would
also impact asset prices in the opposite direction.
The Fed has even given us a schedule by which it will unwind its
balance sheet. Michael’s chart gives us a sense of how far the S&P 500
could drop if the Fed unwinds as planned and if the relationship between
liquidity and stock prices persists. Either or both of those could change; but
if they don’t, the S&P 500 could fall 50% in the next few years.
At the risk of repeating myself, I think it is borderline
dysfunctional for the Fed to be raising interest rates and at the same time
experimenting with reducing its balance sheet. Where’s the fire? Seriously, we
waited for four years, deep into the recovery, before the Fed found enough
intestinal fortitude to begin to timidly raise rates. And now they think they
have to proceed at warp speed? I just don’t see this ending well.
What would be really absurd, I submit, would be to see this data
and then somehow convince yourself that stock prices can keep climbing or even
merely hold steady as the prime mover that drove them higher moves in the
opposite direction.
Another peculiar wrinkle in the situation today is that many
investors see all these warning signs but think they can keep riding the market
higher and hedge against losses at the same time. It doesn’t really work that
way. However, it’s easy to see why people think they can get away with it. Wall
Street firms have rolled out all kinds of volatility-linked products that
purport to protect you from sudden downside events.
In various ways, most of these products are linked to the
Volatility Index, or VIX. Volatility has been persistently low as the market
has risen in recent years. That has made it cheap to buy protection against a
volatility spike. However, it’s not clear if the sellers of this protection
will be able to deliver as promised.
My friend Doug Kass has been concerned about this for some time.
He believes the risks of a “flash crash” are rising, and those who think they
are hedged may learn that they are not. He shared this Morgan Stanley graphic
of how many VIX futures contracts would have to be bought to cover a one-day
market drop.
Between hedgers, dealers, and ETP sponsors, a one-day 5% downward
spike in the S&P 500 would force the purchase of over 400,000 VIX futures
contracts. This was in October, and the figure has probably risen more since
then. Doug isn’t sure a market under that kind of stress can deliver that much
liquidity.
Every market downturn seems to expose the vacuity of some
new, sophisticated hedging product. In 1987 it was “portfolio insurance.”
Whatever the particulars, the schemes all purport to let investors ride the
market higher without taking on meaningful downside risk. That is not how
hedging works. I suspect the various VIX-linked products will disappoint buyers
when the unwind occurs.
Doug also shared what will be the final graph for this week and
observed, “This is the dreaded alligator formation, and the jaws always close.”
It’s just a matter of time. It could take another year and get even sillier,
but when that gator snaps its jaws shut, a lot of people will get bitten. I
personally think the bubble in high-yield debt, accompanied by so much
covenant-lite offerings, will be the source of the next true liquidity crisis.
The amount of money available to market makers to use to maintain
some type of order in a falling high-yield market is absurdly low. Investors in
high-yield mutual funds and ETFs think they have liquidity, but the managers of
those funds will be forced to sell into a market where there is no price and
there are no bids. Oh, the bids will show up at 50% discounts. Distressed-debt
funds and vulture capital will see opportunities, and they will be there. Talk
about blood in the streets.
And with this list of fun topics on Thanksgiving weekend, I will
leave you to your ruminations.
Other than a brief trip here and there – and who knows what will
slip into the schedule – I will be home for most of December. This Thursday
Shane and I fly to Tulsa to see my newest granddaughter, Brinlee Porter, who
will be brought into the world by her mother Amanda on Tuesday. Amanda’s sister
Abigail and another granddaughter are staying with us this weekend and will
return to Tulsa tomorrow.
Shane and I will be in Hong Kong for the Bank of America Merrill
Lynch conference in early January. That trip will be made even more fun because
Lacy Hunt and his wife JK will be there with us. We are going to take an extra
day or two and be tourists. I’ve been to Hong Kong many times but have never
really gotten out of the business district. Well, Louis Gave did pick me up in
his old-fashioned Chinese junk and took me around to the other side of the
island to the yacht club, where we had dinner. The water got a little choppy,
and I got a little seasick, so I was grateful for the car ride back. But it was
really quite a beautiful outing. I very much like Hong Kong.
One of the things that I will be doing in Hong Kong is getting
some new dress shirts. My workouts the past year or so have focused a lot more
on my shoulders and shrugs, and I have actually added a full inch to my neck
size. I have literally only one shirt that I can (barely) button to be able to
wear a tie with. I have been waiting for the Hong Kong trip, because you can
get a custom shirt made in just a few days, remarkably cheaply. I’m not sure
that will mean I’ll be wearing more ties, but at least I will be able to do so
comfortably when the need arises.
Lugano, Switzerland, was beautiful. We were with my associate Tony
Courtney, and he drove us to the Lake Como area for lunch on Sunday,
negotiating all the switchback roads to the accompaniment of his playlist of
James Bond movie tunes, which, while appropriate, also affected his driving
style. I was glad when we got to the restaurant and could sit still and breathe
deeply. But it was fun. And the weather was marvelous.
I spoke to a number of Swiss money managers and family offices
while I was at the conference, and I can tell you there was not a sense of
complacency. They were all very nervous and not quite sure what to do – not
unlike many of my readers. We took an informal poll, and a majority of the
attendees felt that the Swiss National Bank’s balance sheet would top $1
trillion in less than a year. They are goosing it in order to keep a lid on the
Swiss franc. Interestingly, 65% of the attendees felt that the SNB should not
be buying US equities (it now owns more than 3% of Apple, for instance); and
while this audience earns their keep by managing money for mostly non-Swiss
clients, they were all concerned about the continued strength of the Swiss
currency and wondering how long it can remain so strong.
Still, one way or another, we will all Mudadle Through. And as I
hit the send button, I am noticing one of the anomalies of my life in a
high-rise in what is essentially downtown Dallas (although technically the
locals call it Uptown). The high-rise apartment building some 100 yards away
from me has a pair of nesting red-winged hawks that have lived there for the
last two or three years. The male actually landed on my balcony once, and I’ve
often thought about putting out some meat to see if I could attract him back,
as seeing him up close is magnificent. The weather is perfect, and I see as I
glance out that the pair are doing an aerial dance. I think I’ll walk out on
the balcony with a book and just watch. You have a great week!
Your enjoying the little things in life analyst,
John Mauldin
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