Expecting Inflation
By John Mauldin
The annual whirlwind is over. SIC was once again a mental
overload. This year our virtual schedule spread it over almost two weeks, which
was actually nice. The in-between days let the ideas settle a bit before the
firehose opened again. Fifty powerful, thoughtful speakers are a lot to absorb.
As promised, I’ll continue sharing some SIC highlights with you in
my next few letters. This week and next we will look at the inflation/deflation
debate. This popped up repeatedly (sometimes by design, sometimes randomly) and
often provoked vigorous disagreement.
Today we’ll consider the arguments for higher inflation in the
near future. As you will see, they are serious and convincing. But there are
equally serious and convincing points on the deflationary side as well. We’ll
get to those next week.
Let me say at the outset that I am merely touching the surface of
the arguments from the pro-inflation speakers at the conference. There were at
least five hours of discussion on the topic, and you need to read at least the
transcripts to get the full weight of the argument. What follows below is just
a sample.
You can get the full SIC experience with a Virtual Pass that
includes video of every session, slides, and transcripts of every session.
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Now, let’s hear from some SIC inflation hawks
Inflationary Heartbeat
We’ll start with Peter Boockvar. Peter is the CIO at Bleakley
Advisory Group and somehow also produces the Boock Report,
in which he flash-analyzes the latest economic data in handy bite-size multiple
emails per day. In other words, he has as good a finger on the economy’s pulse
as anyone I know. And for the last year or so, he’s felt an inflationary
heartbeat.
Peter began with an important distinction between goods inflation and services inflation. They
have been behaving differently. Looking at services inflation (ex energy) with
the Consumer Price Index, he showed it averaged around 2.8% in the 20-year
period leading up to the pandemic.
Source: Peter Boockvar
These services are the non-tangible things you can’t put in your
pocket but are nonetheless valuable: rent, healthcare, college tuition,
insurance, entertainment, etc. Usually we expect their price to rise every
year, our only question being how much. Peter’s data says the answer has been
around 2.8% a year. Sometimes a bit more or less, but rarely flat and never
negative. Take away the Great Recession and the average is much higher. (Of
course, your mileage may vary depending where you live.)
“Goods,” on the other hand, are the material objects and
substances we buy in stores, or have shipped to us: food, energy, cars,
furniture, toys, lawn mowers, and so on. These prices have more variation than
we usually see in services, and often even go down. The 20-year, pre-COVID net,
looking at the CPI Core Goods component, was no change at all.
Source: Peter Boockvar
If you never expected to see 0% inflation, now you have. But
that’s only in goods; inflation in services pulled the full CPI higher.
How do we explain this discrepancy? We discussed two key factors
last week: China and globalization. Goods inflation turned into stability, and
often deflation, right about the time China joined the World Trade Organization
(2001) and began exporting low-priced goods. But it wasn’t just China;
globalized goods production really took off at that point.
Reversal of this strong disinflationary influence is one reason
Peter expects inflation. It’s not entirely virus-driven; globalization has been
slowing for other reasons. But the pandemic stepped on the brakes even harder.
In early 2020 when China basically shut down, we saw how vulnerable these
ocean-spanning supply chains can be to events on the other side. Meanwhile,
staying home renewed our demand for various physical stuff. If you can’t go to
concerts anymore, maybe you buy better home electronics—or a bigger home, which
means you (or your contractor) buy more construction material, tools, etc.
Now we see shipping rates and container traffic rising sharply.
This isn’t coincidence. The global economy was optimized to deliver something
else, and now has to suddenly satisfy new consumer preferences. That drives
prices up. Throw in the fact that many transportation companies went bankrupt
over the past few years, and the supply of transportation companies all along
the supply chain was reduced and thus the prices paid to the survivors have
increased.
If services inflation simply continues as it has, and goods
inflation rises above the 0% level where it’s been for years, we should expect
higher total inflation. But there’s reason to think services inflation will
accelerate even more. Buying services really means you’re buying some kind of
labor. In a restaurant the food itself costs something, as does the building.
But a large part of the bill, maybe most of it, is wages/tips for the cooks,
bartenders, and waitstaff. In a hair salon or physician’s office you pay mostly
for professional time and skill. There is a close connection between services
inflation and wage inflation.
Now look at what happened since last year. The pandemic and its
associated restrictions hit the service sector like a neutron bomb. The US
government acted, appropriately, to help the millions rendered suddenly
jobless. But as often happens, their methods weren’t targeted well. This,
combined with the new hazards and hassles of in-person work during a pandemic,
reduced the labor supply.
With recovery now underway, employers need workers again and are
often having to pay higher wages to get them. That means even more service
inflation, on top of the prior 2.8%+ annual growth. Add in new goods inflation
and Peter doesn’t see how we avoid a new inflationary cycle. The question is
how long will it last?
What Peter and others talked about was what economists call “sticky prices.” Wages are sticky. It is hard to pull back a wage increase. It is not unreasonable to assume that the inflationary forces of rising wages caused by the pandemic and labor shortages will persist.
Demand-Driven Price Hikes
Jim Bianco thinks inflation is already here, and as usual illustrated his point with a series of fascinating charts, some of which I’ll share below.
I think Jim mostly agrees with Peter Boockvar but the inflation he foresees is more demand-driven.
A lot of people have a lot of spending money
and he thinks it will push prices even higher.
Where did this cash come from? Check out this chart:
Source: Bianco Research
The blue line shows the percentage of personal income that comes
from government transfer payments. This includes Social Security, disability
benefits, unemployment insurance, and various other programs. It also includes
the three pandemic “stimulus” payments send to most American adults. The months
those were made pushed this percentage to the peaks you see on the right side. Notice the steep drop after the first
stimulus package prior to the even higher peak of the start of the second
stimulus wave. Ditto for the third.
These percentages rose not only because the stimulus payments were so huge, but also because wage income had dropped. But the cash stimuli made no such distinction.
Everyone got their check, needed or not.
So a lot of it went
into savings.
Source: Bianco Research
Again, notice the steep drop-off and increase between the first, second, and third stimulus waves.
Some of this excess found its way into financial assets, helping stock prices, Bitcoin, etc.
But a lot of it was spent on other goods and services.
Jim pointed to rising demand in a variety of sectors.
It is outstripping producers’ ability to deliver, as he showed in this
index of delivery times.
Source: Bianco Research
Having to wait for an item you would once have easily found in the store is itself a kind of inflation, even if the price is the same.
You get less value than you would by taking it straight home.
That’s happening right now and it doesn’t show up in CPI or PCE.
But actual prices are rising too. Jim noted it in raw materials, and said finished goods prices should follow.
He showed this chart of several price indexes tracked by regional Fed banks.
The average (gray line) was last at this level in 1980.
Those old enough may recall
a little inflation was evident at the time (1980 saw 13.9% inflation).
Source: Bianco Research
Next, Jim showed this chart of the CRB Raw Industrial Spot Index, which includes copper but also several commodities which don’t have associated futures markets: steel scrap, tallow, burlap, print cloth, etc.
These are quite
important to some key industries and their prices are rising right now.
Source: Bianco Research
High-grade copper, hot-rolled coil steel, and lumber are all
soaring.
Source: Bianco Research
Source: Bianco Research
To be fair, much of this price inflation was due to production closures during the pandemic.
Lumber has backed off recently as more supply comes online and high prices deter some buyers.
This is why the Fed thinks inflation will be “transitory.”
And to some extent, they are correct.
But not
completely and certainly not in the other elements of inflation.
Source: Business Insider
Jim summed up his view this way. Note: When Jim says
“un-anchoring” that is an economic term. Prices over time tend to be “anchored”
to prior prices. When prices become generally unanchored, you get inflation.
One-third of everybody's
income is now mailed to them from the government. Everybody is stuffed full of
money. They're buying stuff like crazy. The supply chain cannot keep up. It is
not a problem of COVID, semiconductors. Look, the head of Intel said that the
semiconductor supply chain is going to be a problem for two years. There is a
simple fix for the supply chain. Charge more money, that's called inflation.
What they've done now isn't status, they've rationed the product, delivery
times are at a 70-year high, but I think the next step is they're going to
charge more money and we're going to get inflation…
But I have a feeling that
we're going to find that once the base effect passes, those price increases are
going to stick around, people are going to become comfortable raising prices,
un-anchoring, and then we're going to have something we haven't seen in a long
time and that's inflation. You pretty much have to be over the age of 50,
probably over the age of 60 to remember inflation first-hand, it's been such a
long period of time. But what I try to show with this is almost every measure
says that inflation is coming back and it's coming back with a vengeance.
That’s pretty convincing, but there’s more.
From Energy to Wages
Last week I mentioned Louis Gave’s appearance on our China panel.
His later solo presentation was, if possible, even more perceptive. While Louis
expects inflation for some of the same reasons Peter and Jim mentioned, he went
on to make an interesting connection with energy, housing, and wages. Briefly,
it goes like this.
Most economic activity is simply transformed energy of one sort or another.
Modern economies developed as we found more efficient energy sources, going from coal to oil to natural gas and nuclear.
Now we want to transition from carbon to renewables like solar and wind.
This may ultimately bring great benefits, but for now it has produced under-investment in fossil fuel production capacity.
US shale production plunged last year and hasn’t yet
recovered.
Source: Gavekal
This may be a problem because inventories are low and fuel demand
is rising as more people begin moving around again. We can import to make up
lost domestic production, but that will add to the trade deficit and weaken the
dollar (which is also inflationary). Meanwhile other countries will also be
reopening, further increasing global oil demand. This will likely push energy
prices significantly higher.
That alone is inflationary, but the follow-on effects may be more
so. Rising energy prices will sustain higher housing prices, since construction
requires fuel to manufacture and transport large quantities of heavy, bulky
building materials.
As housing becomes less affordable, wages will have to rise.
Prior recessions always saw wage growth slow, if not reverse.
We are trying to emerge
from a recession in which wage growth never fell, which is historically
unprecedented.
Source: Gavekal
You can see in the chart how wages dropped in the 2000 recession and even more obviously in the 2008-2010 period.
Note, this doesn’t include the millions who lost jobs and whose wage income fell to zero.
In a typical recession, even those who keep their jobs see wages cut or at least don’t get raises.
Not so this time. If you weren’t a laid-off service worker, you saw
little effect on your pay.
So wages, generally speaking, haven’t dropped and are rising in some segments.
You might expect employers to respond with more automation… but we also have a serious microchip shortage.
It is reducing automotive production (which raises vehicle prices, further aggravating inflation).
Replacing human
workers with robots may not be a short-term solution.
Louis thinks this adds up to a 180-degree change in the economic winds, from deflation to inflation.
As he put it in his wrap-up slide (read this slide two or three times)…
Source: Gavekal
That’s a compelling list… but this story has another side.
Deflation may not be as dead as it looks. We’ll consider those arguments next
week. I should also note there may be another way to look at this. On the last
day of Bill White, former Chief Economist for the Bank of International
Settlements (and now with other similarly prestigious groups), in his characteristic
low-key manner he squared the circle of inflation and deflation. (Get your pass to hear more.)
Longtime readers know I have been in the disinflation/deflation
camp for decades. Any brief perusal of long-term interest rates and inflation
since 1980 demonstrates that was the right position. It was truly self-evident.
But looking at the current inflation data, as we have today, you
have to be willing to recognize that all trends, no matter how seemingly
inexorable, come to an end. Even the Federal Reserve this week, which has been
adamantly protesting that any inflation was transitory and should be ignored,
acknowledged in the just-released minutes of their April policy meeting:
"A number of participants suggested that if the economy continued
to make rapid progress toward the Committee's goals, it might be appropriate at some point in
upcoming meetings to begin
discussing a plan for adjusting the pace of asset
purchases." (H/T Peter Boockvar)
If I read that correctly, they are going to think about thinking about inflation at some point in the future.
Well, I damn well hope so.
Announcing a policy of zero interest rates for 30+ months no matter what is the height of insanity.
They have no way of knowing the future.
What if things change?
Remember the days under Bernanke when they said they were “data
dependent?”
The Fed’s current policy has painted policymakers in a corner
which is fraught with financial repression, destroys the value of savings,
hurts retirees, and exacerbates income and wealth disparity, not to mention it
helps maintain froth in the mortgage and housing markets which need no help.
Far be it from me to criticize my economic betters, but they risk “losing the narrative” (read: confidence of the markets) and dramatically increasing volatility in all sorts of markets from the unintended consequences of not admitting they don’t know what the future will bring. Why not just stay “data-dependent” (itself a vague, ephemeral notion)? Allowing for the possibility of change if the data changes? (Read me on Twitter for more thoughts on this.)
I’ll Be Seeing You in NYC, Maine, and All the Old Familiar Places
It’s official. I booked a flight to New York City for mid-June.
With the country opening up, as more and more of us get vaccinated, the desire to travel, see friends, and have experiences is on the rise.
As my friend David
Bahnsen said yesterday:
As for weekly economic progress with restaurants, hotels, and travel, restaurants being just 16% off of 2019 levels with some states still finally re-opening is incredibly encouraging to me.
Hotel occupancy only down 12% from 2019 levels with such little business travel happening is tremendous (granted, the higher foot traffic appears to be at a much lower price point).
But it is air travel that is clearly the biggest
surprise for those who predicted the world would never be the same again.
Peter Boockvar sent me this wonderful short clip of Willie Nelson singing, “I’ll be seeing you in all the old familiar places,” with scenes of people returning to “normal” life. I really do look forward to seeing friends and people in all the old familiar places. I miss speaking in front of a crowd. I miss quiet (and sometimes not quite so quiet) dinners with friends.
Even as we are forced to
think about inflation, deflation, the markets and our portfolios, the pandemic
has shown us that what we really miss, what is really important, is all the old
familiar places and faces.
It’s time to hit the send button so let me wish you a great week.
Here’s hoping to see you soon, not just in this letter every week, but in some
familiar place!
Your still absorbing the information from the conference analyst,
|
John
Mauldin |
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